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宝宝反复感冒,一分预防胜过十分治疗

发布日期:2024-09-10 06:20:55编辑:胖虎爱撩妹

应对反复感冒,一分预防胜过十分治疗
 
生活中常会看到这样的宝宝,动不动就感冒发烧,上一次咳嗽刚好没两天又流起了鼻涕,鼻涕不流了又咳个没完。每一次幼儿园里有小朋友感冒,他似乎都躲不过,三天两头上医院看病。到医院就有可能被输液,宝宝饱受折磨,大人身心俱疲。这样的宝宝属于反复呼吸道感染类型。对于儿童反复呼吸道感染,医学上有明确的定义:“7岁以下的儿童一年感冒超过7次,7岁以上的儿童一年感冒超过6次,都可以算作反复呼吸道感染。”感染的部位如果在上呼吸道,就会表现出感冒症状。
 
宝宝反复感冒除了与宝宝先天的体质有关外,还与家长日常护理宝宝的误区有关。古人讲“上医治未病”,翻译成咱老百姓的话说就是“防病胜于治病”。这句话出自一个典故。魏文王问扁鹊:“你们家兄弟三人,都精于医术,到底哪一位最好呢?”扁鹊答:“长兄最好,中兄次之,我最差。”文王再问:“为什么呢?”扁鹊答:“长兄治病,是治病于病情发作之前;中兄治病,是治病于病情初起时。而我是治病于病情严重之时。一般人都看到我在经脉上穿刺、用针放血、在皮肤上敷毒药以毒攻毒等大手术,所以以为我的医术高明,却不知长兄的防患于未然更重要。”如果家长们在对宝宝的日常护理中做到下面几点,也能像扁鹊的长兄一样,成为宝宝最好的医生。
 
要得小儿安,三分饥和寒
 
有些家长总是给宝宝多穿,将宝宝捂得严严实实的,所以宝宝身上总汗津津的。出汗时,毛孔扩张,就很容易受到冷空气侵袭而感冒。所以,不要给宝宝穿很多,过分保护宝宝。
 
俗话说“要得小儿安,三分饥和寒”。如果家长平时能经常坚持让宝宝进行耐寒锻炼,使宝宝体内慢慢产生抗寒能力,他感冒发生的概率也会慢慢减少。所谓耐寒锻炼,是指利用气温与体表温度间的差异作为刺激因子来锻炼身体,提高人体对气温变化的适应力,增强抵抗力。
 
耐寒锻炼的方法很多,有冷水浴,用冷水洗手、洗脸、洗脚,冬季户外活动,等等。所有这些方法,都以宝宝不出现皮肤苍白或起鸡皮疙瘩等状况为度。研究发现,衣着过多的儿童经常患感冒咳嗽,而衣着单薄的儿童却很少患病,原因就在于后者已经获得对冷热空气变化的适应能力。所以,平时让儿童“常带三分寒”是有益于增强抗病能力的。
 
另外,有的家长喜欢用西洋参等补品给宝宝补身体。这样其实不好,给宝宝胡乱吃营养品,不仅不会提高他身体的抵抗力,反而会加重他的脾胃负担,引起积食而诱发感冒。上文提到的俗语“要得小儿安,三分饥和寒”,不仅是告诫家长不要给宝宝穿得过暖,也告诫家长不要给宝宝吃得过饱。对于小一点儿的宝宝,家长在添加辅食时,也应遵循由少到多、由稀到稠、由细到粗、由一种到多种的原则。现在家长唯恐宝宝吃不饱,只要宝宝喜欢吃什么,就一味地让他多吃。更有些家长,在宝宝不愿再吃的时候,仍强迫宝宝进食。多吃反倒容易出现肠功能紊乱而导致便秘或者积食感冒。因此,儿童日常进食量只要能满足代谢需要,“常带三分饥”还是有好处的。
 
不要随意为宝宝使用“丙种球蛋白”和抗生素
 
曾经有个记者就预防感冒的话题采访我,采访期间她和我分享自己的亲身经历,说她小的时候,爷爷经常在冬春感冒高发的季节,带她去医院注射“丙种球蛋白”,她问我,这种预防措施靠谱儿吗?
 
回答这个问题之前我先介绍一下什么是丙种球蛋白。这是一种由健康人血浆分离提取并经过病毒灭活处理的免疫球蛋白制品,属于血液来源的生物制品。生物制品是很容易导致严重过敏反应的一类药品。另外,一旦制造这种药品的血浆受到污染,注射后感染传染病如乙肝、丙肝等的概率极大,而且临床中也不断发现由于注射受污染的血液制品而感染的病例,所以,现代传染病学认为丙种球蛋白不能大量、广泛地在临床上应用于免疫预防,更不能用于感冒这类小病的预防。临床上对其使用非常严格,仅用于某些严重疾病的治疗,例如免疫缺陷病、大面积烧伤、严重创伤感染以及败血症等。
 
给身体健康的宝宝应用任何诸如“丙种球蛋白”之类的免疫增强药物都会扰乱宝宝正常的免疫功能发育,不但不能防病,反而会抑制宝宝自身的免疫功能或者引发宝宝出现新的免疫紊乱性疾病,因此不要轻易给有正常免疫功能的宝宝服用免疫增强剂这类生物制品。
 
还有很多家长在认识上有一个误区:将抗生素看成灵丹妙药,随便给宝宝使用,甚至还认为抗生素可以增强宝宝的免疫力。前文说过了,宝宝感冒发烧大部分是病毒性的,不需要用抗生素,只要注意休息,多喝水,一般一星期左右就能痊愈。只有确诊感冒后并发了细菌感染时,才需要在医生的指导下给宝宝使用抗生素。而且提前用抗生素并不能预防细菌感染的出现,身体没有坏细菌感染时,乱用抗生素反倒会杀死身体里的好细菌,引起腹泻,从而延误身体的恢复。
 
这样做,感冒病毒会成为纸老虎
 
普通感冒没有办法用注射疫苗的办法预防,因为引起普通感冒的病毒太多了,没有办法确定哪一种病毒,就没有办法通过疫苗进行预防,而且通常引起普通感冒的病毒的毒性并不强,不至于造成严重并发症。但是,流行性感冒是可以通过注射流感疫苗来预防的。需要注意的是每年流感疫苗的病毒株不一样,所以预防流感每年都要注射新的流感疫苗。接种时间是每年的9~12月份(有些医院可延续到第二年的春天)。
 
普通感冒也是会传染的疾病,可以通过咳嗽咳出去或喷嚏打出去的飞沫传播,也可以通过直接接触感冒患者或者他们接触过的物品感染上,所以在感冒流行季节,家长要少带宝宝去公共场所,以免交叉感染;家长不仅要给宝宝勤洗手、给宝宝的衣物勤消毒,还要注意自身个人卫生,从外面下班回到家里,要先换掉外面的衣服,漱漱口,清洁一下鼻腔,洗净手,然后再抱宝宝。不仅要让自己的宝宝通过各种办法远离感冒病毒,还要尽量避免自己或宝宝成为感冒病菌的传染源。也就是说,如果自己感冒了或者宝宝感冒了,要给自己或宝宝戴上口罩,以避免感冒病毒传播。
 
这方面日本人做得非常好,我接触的日本病人,如果感冒了,都会戴着口罩来药房取药。还有,在国外的幼儿园,老师常会教小朋友们正确打喷嚏的方式,是拿胳膊肘挡住口鼻,而不是用手挡着。因为病毒很容易通过手传播,而胳膊肘和手比起来,接触人的机会要少很多,传播疾病的概率也就低得多。
 
另外,如果宝宝感冒了,就不要让他上幼儿园了。这在现实中实施起来似乎比较难,很多家长上班不好请假,没时间照顾生病的宝宝,盼着宝宝烧一退就马上送回幼儿园去。其实,烧退后的宝宝仍需要一周左右的时间才能完全恢复健康。宝宝感冒的时候,体质比较弱,自我防御病菌的能力比较低,如果幼儿园里刚好有别的宝宝也感冒了,他们感染的可能不是同样的病毒,要是这时候让宝宝去幼儿园,就可能在宝宝体质弱的时候又感染上新的病毒,使得感冒反复。所以,宝宝感冒了最好让他在家休息,别急着送幼儿园,等休息好了,恢复正常了,再去幼儿园也不迟。

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