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女性朋友们该如何正确对待流产?

发布日期:2024-07-05 10:08:50编辑:秩名


妊娠不能维持至足月分娩,也是不孕的一个方面。有习惯性流产史的妇女约80%以上最终都有了自己的孩子。因此,即使有流产史,也不必担心不孕。据统计,有10%~15%的妊娠在怀孕3个月以内自然流产结束。已种植成功的妊娠大约有20%会流产,而受精卵中有50%~60%无法种植,不能发展成为一种可以检测出的妊娠。严格说来,把流产称作不孕是个错误的概念,它毕竟不是不能受孕,而是妊娠不能维持罢了。导致自然流产的原因很多。临床上的早期流产是十分常见的,只要流产未超过3次,医师会对这些患者特别重视的。此外,许多早早孕流产,连孕妇自己都没察觉。直到20世纪60年代中期,人们才把连续3次流产定义为习惯性流产,并认为再次流产的可能性达80%~90%。然而,研究表明,尽管既往有多次流产史,但再次流产的危险性仅为20%~30%。但以下妇女的,流产率较高,要引起足够的重视。①年龄在35岁以上;②曾有过死胎、死产或新生儿死亡病史。
 
流产的病因有:①胚胎染色体异常;②母体慢性病,如糖尿病、甲状腺功能异常、心脏病、肾脏病及免疫系统疾病,如系统性红斑狼疮等;③母体感染性疾病;④子宫和宫颈疾病;⑤黄体功能不健全和内分泌紊乱;⑥在生活和工作环境中接触有害物质;⑦免疫因素。
 
在妊娠头3个月内流产的有50%~60%是由染色体异常引起的,由于它们无法生还,所以很少在活体中发现。由于许多妇女无法察觉自己早早孕流产,因而染色体异常的发生率,实际上比统计所得的数据更高。如果有过3次流产史,那么夫妇双方都须做遗传咨询。
 
妊娠的母体若感染了细菌或病毒,会导致流产或习惯性流产,甚至新生儿出生缺陷。细菌或病毒感染胎儿的途径有两条:其一是母婴传播,即血循环中的微生物通过胎盘传至胎儿。其二是源于阴道的上行感染,即通过宫颈进入子宫和胎膜。感染有的发生在受孕时,有的则发生在受孕后不久。大多数由病毒感染引起的先天性畸形是中枢神经系统畸形。由于早期妊娠是胎儿器官形成、分化时期,对外来因素的干扰最敏感,因此在妊娠期感染出现得越早,对胎儿损伤也就越严重。可能引起习惯性流产的感染有:①衣原体、解脲支原体感染:它们是介于细菌和病毒之间的一类微生物,是一个新的感染菌群。这一感染可通过性交传播。因此,当感染难以控制时,感染的夫妇均须同服四环素治疗。妊娠期妇女的感染则改用红霉素治疗。此感染可无明显临床症状,但可能引起反复流产。②疱疹病毒感染:早孕期间的生殖器疱疹病毒感染也会导致流产,同属于性传播疾病。③风疹、麻疹、腮腺炎、流感以及弓形虫感染均可能引起流产。
 
子宫畸形、子宫肌瘤与子宫息肉均可引起反复的早期流产。但经外科适当处理后,妊娠还是可以成功的。通常由于上述原因引起的流产多发生于妊娠的中晚期。粘连可影响受精卵的种植和流产。由感染、宫内节育器操作及其不当的诊刮术而引起的宫腔粘连,可通过激光和显微外科手术切除,以提高妊娠率。宫颈疾病也可导致流产。宫颈功能不全,是指足月妊娠之前的进行性宫颈扩张,导致流产的现象。宫颈功能不全的病因尚不明确。但患有宫颈功能不全的女性常见有以下病史:多次流产史及妇科手术操作史,如宫颈电灼术。由于宫颈功能不全引起的流产多发生在妊娠的4~6个月,既往有2次发生在孕4~6个月的流产患者,在妊娠12周后,应每周做1次产前检查,以观察宫颈是否扩张。一旦诊断为宫颈扩张,应及时在麻醉下行宫颈环扎术,这样有可能使妊娠维持至足月。尽管宫颈环扎术不可能获得全部成功,但它可使许多妇女圆了做妈妈的梦,否则就会早产。目前对预防性宫颈环扎术的手术时间尚有争议:有的建议在即将发生妊娠时行环扎术,更多的医师则建议在妊娠14周左右行预防性环扎术,甚至有的医师建议妊娠前行环扎术。无论在什么时候行手术治疗,分娩开始都得拆线。
 
排卵后,若卵子未受精,黄体则开始萎缩。一旦妊娠,黄体则开始分泌高水平的激素,使子宫内膜进一步增大、肥厚,更好地支持和滋养胚胎的生长发育。这期间卵巢分泌激素很多,以至于在妊娠的头几个月常有卵巢增大、囊肿形成等现象。这些情况一般在妊娠4个月左右恢复正常。妊娠3个月,胎盘形成并开始分泌雌激素、孕激素,妊娠赖以维持的黄体功能被胎盘取代。人绒毛膜促性激素是维持整个妊娠的主要激素。适当的激素水平是维持妊娠的关键。假若曾有由激素低下引起的流产史,那么孕激素栓剂、氯米芬和低剂量人绒毛膜促性腺激素可以帮助维持妊娠。但是,应该避免人工合成孕激素的使用,以避免对胎儿引起损伤。如果正在服用人工合成的孕激素,孕前必须换服其他药物。
 
研究表明,在手术室工作的妇女,由于受气体麻醉剂的影响,流产率会增加;在油漆和塑料生产企业的男、女性,不育和流产的发生率也会增加;而在计算机终端荧光屏前工作的人则很少有流产群体的报道;工作在冶金业,电子业及广播、电视生产企业的妇女,也有较高的流产率。冶金行业中主要是较多地接触了铅、砷、镉、铜和银;电子行业则是较多地接触了酸性溶剂;而广播和电视生产企业则是较多地接触了焊接气体。美容院的经营者及化妆品专家由于接触如染发剂、电烫药水等化学物质,也会引起流产;一些纺织行业的妇女受人工合成毒性颗粒的影响,也会发生流产现象。
 
有30%反复流产的妇女,无法用遗传因素、内分泌因素、妇科病或细菌病毒感染等来解释。她们可能是对配偶精子产生一种特殊的免疫反应。抗精子抗体为阳性的妇女,大约流产率为50%。究其原因是:细菌感染后刺激机体免疫系统产生抗体,并将精子误认为“外来者”而排斥。为了解决这个问题,一些妇女接受了白细胞注射疗法,即将配偶体内的白细胞注入女性体内,每6周注射1次。这样,可以使一些妇女不再排斥精子,并能成功的妊娠。

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