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防患于未然:关于预防“先兆流产”

发布日期:2024-07-04 09:56:25编辑:秩名


就像船舶航行会遇到礁石一样,女性在怀孕后也会遇到礁石,那就是先兆流产!
 

◎ 出现先兆流产的原因

 
阴道流血是先兆流产的最直接症状,引起阴道流血的原因是胚胎的绒毛从母体的子宫肌壁上剥离。若胚胎绒毛剥离的面积小,则阴道出血量少,胚胎的存活尚无大碍,有保胎的希望,医学上称之为“先兆流产”。如果剥离的面积大,则阴道出血量多,胚胎的营养供应受到严重影响,此时,保胎的希望就很小了。
 
在孕8周以前,因为胚胎的绒毛发育幼稚,与母体联系不牢固,稀疏的绒毛很容易从母体剥离。在这个时期若有激烈的性生活,或者过度的劳累,负重,搬扛重物,撞击腹部,长途旅行颠簸等,就会突然引起剥离。
 
由于剥离出现的突然性,没有一个发展过程,所以先兆流产的阴道出血起初总呈鲜红色,再逐渐变成暗红。血的颜色和通常的月经不同,月经是子宫内膜逐渐萎缩的结果,经过长时间的氧化,所以出血的颜色一般比较深。
 

◎ 出现先兆流产的对策

 
一旦发现阴道有鲜红的血液流出,你应该马上意识到出现先兆流产了,这时候要立即去医院检查。
 
在这里要告诉大家一个医疗统计数字:在妊娠前3个月阴道出血发生率是20%,也就是说每5个孕妇中,会有一个出血现象;另外,在出现先兆流产的女性中,约有50%的人保胎成功。
 
阴道出血的孕妇中,首先要做的鉴别诊断是排除异位妊娠,排除了异位妊娠才能采取保胎措施。而采取保胎措施的孕妇中,有一半的人是会成功的,所以大家行动一定要早,千万不能犹豫不决,放弃机会!
 
先兆流产实际上是流产发展各阶段中的第一个阶段。当出现少量阴道流血和下腹痛,此时,如果宫颈口未开,胎膜未破,妊娠产物尚未排出,你及时采取了保胎措施,而且措施很得当,休息很充分,一段时间后,如流血停止,腹痛消失,说明保胎已经接近成功!相反,如果你忽视了先兆流产的征兆,延误了采取措施的时间,听之任之,不适当休息,发展下去就难免流产了!
 
我现在来提供一些方法和数据,这些方法和数据对大家或许有用。出现阴道流血,说明胚胎出问题了,但是问题严重到什么程度?是不是应该采取保胎措施?必须做一个评判。
 
医生首先要做的是排除患者异位妊娠。
 
只要有腹部痉挛或腹痛及阴道出血,就存在异位妊娠的可能,此时应尽早进行超声检查,以确定妊娠位置。若血HCG水平大于2000mIU/ml,则通过阴道超声检查可以见到宫内妊娠;若血HCG水平大于6000mIU/ml,则通过腹部超声就可以见到宫内妊娠。另外,还可以通过孕激素水平来判别为是否为异位妊娠。异位妊娠的孕激素水平比较低,若孕激素小于5ng/ml,则胚胎一定为异常胚胎;若孕激素大于15ng/ml,则可以确定为正常妊娠。
 
排除了异位妊娠后,可以通过以下的一些方法来判断是否应该保胎,估计保胎的成功率,并预测后期的胚胎发展。这些方法,大家不一定要了解得很透彻,但是应该了解基本的原理。
 
◎ 宫颈黏液结晶检查;
 
◎ 阴道细胞涂片检查;
 
◎ 核固缩指数测定;
 
◎ 内分泌测定;
 
◎ B超检查;
 
◎ 基础体温测定。
 
上面提到的几种检查方法中,我们比较熟悉的是内分泌测定和B超检查内分泌测定:孕妇黄体功能不全,分泌的孕激素少,可引起先兆流产或习惯性流产,在做内分泌测定时要重点测定黄体激素的代谢产物——孕二醇,如果孕二醇值低,则说明黄体功能不全。
 
B超检查:做B超检查可以观察宫内胎儿发育情况,若通过动态观察发现胎儿按正常规律发育,则说明继续保胎大有希望;如果发现胎儿发育受阻,经保胎治疗勉强存活下来的胎儿,多体弱低能;如果发现胚芽枯萎,或胎盘暗区(胎盘后出血)逐渐扩大,那么只能放弃保胎。
 
上述方法中的前5个只能够在医院里进行检查,唯有第6个是我们自己就能够做的,因此大家在未准阶段养成的一个好习惯——测基础体温,还应该继续!
 
毕竟在孕激素的作用下,体温的高温状态达16周之久。即使阴道见红,出现了先兆流产的迹象,但只要你体温不下降,保胎就极有希望,如果体温下降了,危险程度就增加了很多。因此怀孕以后,大家仍要密切注意自己的基础体温。
 
先兆流产的治疗原则当然是保胎,最主要的方法是卧床休息,避免刺激,禁止性生活。
 

接下来,我们来看看医生开出的典型药方:

 
◎ 处方1:用于黄体功能不足者,黄体激素 20mg im qd;
 
◎ 处方2:用于一般先兆流产孕妇,维生素E 100mg qd或bid;
 
◎ 处方3:用于孕妇情绪较为紧张者,地西泮(安定) 2.5mg qd;
 
◎ 处方4:中医固肾安胎药物,安胎饮。
 
上面处方中:mg代表毫克,“im”表示肌肉注射,“qd”表示一天一次,“bid”表示一天两次。
 

◎ 对待流产,防病胜于治病

 
在这里,我有必要强调一个观点:对于流产,也像其他疾病一样,防病胜于治病。到出现先兆流产迹象的时候,再慌忙地去采取保胎措施,成功的希望就只有一半,如果提前采取措施,可防患于未然,获得事半功倍的保胎效果。
 
对于有习惯性流产倾向的孕妇以及过去有过人工流产史的姐妹,在计划妊娠阶段,要坚持每天测量基础体温,一旦发现基础体温上升,即使月经尚未过期,也应按先兆流产保胎来治疗,而且这个保胎措施,最好要做到上次流产日期以后。因为子宫是有记忆的,再次流产或者胎停育往往会发生在上次流产日子的前后。
 
那么,所谓提前采取措施是不是必须到医院去才能做呢?
 
那倒不必,经过对医生通常开出的处方分析,其实处方2——服用维生素E, 是我们自己就能够做的。当你发现自己排卵后出现高温,又很及时地同房过,加之,你过去有过流产史,那么就应当及时地每天补充2颗100毫克的天然维生素E,这是一个既可靠而又省力的方法。

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