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精子与卵子一相逢,便胜却人间无数

发布日期:2024-06-30 10:11:59编辑:秩名


当年我还在基层工作,前来就诊的患者以农村女性居多。那天来了一对非常年轻、老实的小夫妻,据说结婚一年仍没有怀上孩子。
 
出于常规想法,我首先给妻子安排了一个妇检,但在检查过程中,我却大吃一惊,这个女孩居然还是处女。询问后才知道,原来农村人谈性色变,婚前基本没有接受过任何性教育,新婚之夜,丈夫虽然也很激动,但不知道该怎么做,在摩擦的过程中,意外地发现彼此都能获得性快感,于是无师自通,理所当然地认为这就是性爱了。
 
这样的“性生活”持续了一年也没有怀上孩子,婆婆首先开始怀疑女孩的生育能力,便极力要求夫妻俩来找我“看病”。却没想到,“病”是的确病了,却是知识缺乏的病。
 
无独有偶,据媒体报道,湖北一对30岁左右的硕博夫妻由于结婚3年不孕,到该省生殖医学中心就医,检查结果不是男方有问题也不是女方不能生,而是在实验室待久了,不知“同房”为何物,以为同房就是同睡。
 
所以,必要及正确的性知识是婚姻生活的第一步,人作为动物界的一员,交配可以说是一种天性,但在自然成长的过程中,知识的缺乏,偏颇的引导及传统道德的约束,使得有些人很难得到正确的性知识,而又在道德的约束下,无法探索自己的本能。这听起来像是一个笑话,但却是一种悲哀,是一种教育的失败。
 
性在孕育生命的过程中非常重要,必要的性知识也是良好性生活的保障。
 
好了,让我们言归正传,有了健康的性生活,才有可能怀孕,当然是健康的精子能顺利于健康的卵子结合,要结合首先要有正确的性生活。精子和卵子结合形成受精卵,受精卵再着床到子宫内膜上生长发育,称为受孕。但是受孕也是需要条件的,精子和卵子结合需要什么条件呢?
 
看到这里,相信一路读过来的朋友已经有了比较清晰的认识,受孕是一个比较复杂的过程,要完成这个过程,首先是健康的精子和健康的卵子。
 
之前我已经说过,正常成年男子一次射出的精液量为2~6毫升,每毫升精液中的精子数应在6 000万以上,有活动能力的精子达60%以上,异常精子在15%~20%以下。如精子达不到上述标准,就不容易使女方受孕。所以,首要条件之一就是准爸爸的睾丸能产生一定量且健康的精子。
 
有了健康的精子还远远不够,鉴于女性卵子排放的周期性,所以还要保证有健康、成熟的卵子,且一定要能正常排出。这里值得注意的是,上章我们已经说过,女性排卵是有时间的,月经正常的女性每个月经周期都有一个健康成熟的卵子排出,这才能提供能受孕的首要条件,只有满足了这个条件,女性才有机会受孕。对于卵巢功能不全或月经不正常的女士,就不能轻易受孕。
 
当两个必要条件具备后,就需要我们在排卵期前后有正常的性生活,并能保证男性有射精行为,这样才能使精子和卵子有机会相遇并受精。而在非排卵期或男性无射精则是不会受孕的。
 
所以这又要要求男性的输精管道必须通畅,精子才能排出;女性的生殖道也必须通畅,这时射进女性阴道内的精子可以毫无阻挡地到达输卵管并与卵子相遇受精。而受精卵也可以顺利地住进宫腔。
 
那么受精后就一定能有孕育吗?答案仍然是“不一定”,因为女性的子宫内环境必须适合受精卵着床和发育才可以。卵子受精后,一边发育一边向子宫方向移动,3~4天后到达子宫腔,6~8天就躲在营养丰富的子宫内膜里,然后继续发育为胎儿。受精卵发育和子宫内膜生长是同步进行的,如受精卵提前到达或推迟住进宫腔,这时的子宫内膜就不适合受精卵着床和继续发育,也就不可能怀孕。
 
只有满足了上述这些条件,缺一不可,才能静静等待怀孕的喜讯,否则,只能与好孕擦肩而过。
 
很多人都生过孩子,但却很少有人知道精子是如何与卵子顺利结合并着床的,那么,精子与卵子究竟是如何结合的呢?
 
最多时,一次性交会有3亿精子进入阴道,精子从阴道到达输卵管最快时间仅需数分钟,最迟4~6小时,一般为1~1.5小时。精子在前进过程中,沿途要受到子宫颈黏液的阻挡和子宫腔内白细胞的吞噬,最后到达输卵管的仅有数十条甚至一二百条。精子在和卵子受精前还要在女性生殖腔内经过一段时间的孵育后,经过形态、生理、生化的改变,才具有受精能力,这个过程称为精子获能。
 
精子在女性输卵管内能生存1~3天,卵子能生存1天左右,如在女子排卵日前后数天内性交,精子和卵子可能在输卵管壶腹部相遇,这时一群精子包围卵子,获能后的精子其头部分泌顶体酶,以溶解卵子周围的放射冠和透明带,为精子进入卵子开通道路,最终只有一条精子进入卵子,精子完全进入卵子体内以后,通过核的融合,使父、母各23条染色体结合成为46条(23对)染色体,然后形成一个新的细胞,这个细胞称为受精卵或孕卵,这个过程称为受精。这是一个新生命的开始。
 
受精卵在受精后24小时即进行细胞分裂。受精卵从输卵管分泌的液体中吸取营养和氧气,不断进行细胞分裂。与此同时,通过输卵管的蠕动,受精卵逐渐向宫腔方向移动,3~4天后到达宫腔。到达宫腔时已发育成为一个具有12~16个细胞的实心细胞团,这时的形状像桑葚,所以称为桑葚胚。桑葚胚在子宫腔内继续细胞分裂,体积增大,出现腔隙及细胞液。此时的受精卵称为囊胚或胚泡。大约在受精后6~8天胚泡的透明带消失而进入子宫内膜,这个过程,即孕卵植入,叫作着床或种植。此过程大约需要4~5天。孕卵着床的部位多在子宫腔上部的后壁,其次为前壁,偶见于侧壁。这时,有些人可能会有轻微的出血现象。
 
此时,胚泡着床后其细胞继续进行分化,形成三个胚层:外胚层、中胚层及内胚层,并相应地在不同的孕周发育成为胎儿的各个组织及器官。外胚层主要分化成神经系统、皮肤表皮及毛发等;中胚层主要分化为肌肉、骨骼、血液系统、循环系统及泌尿生殖系统的大部分;内胚层主要分化为消化系统、呼吸系统的上皮组织及有关腺体等。此时孕妇停经5~8周,受精卵发育为胚胎,9周以后发育成为胎儿。胎盘等胎儿的附属物则一部分来自于胚泡细胞的分化,一部分来自母体细胞的分化,由两部分形成。
 
说到这里,大家应该已经明白,当一个健康的男性与一个健康的女性从性交开始,要经过一个非常复杂而奇妙的过程才能孕育出一个新的生命,这个新生命的出现需要天时、地利、人和,缺一不可。

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