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备孕期间的孕检心电图怎么看？

发布日期：2024-06-22 10:32:13编辑：秩名


心电图怎么看

1、电图记录纸上有许多小格子，要看懂心电图，就要了解这些小格子所代表的意义。这些方格中每一条细竖线相隔1mm，每一条细横线也是相隔1mm，它们围成了1mm见方的小格。粗线是每五个小格一条，每条粗线之间相隔就是5mm，横竖粗线又构成了大方格。心电图记录纸是按照国际规定的标准速度移动的，移动速度为25mm/s，也就是说横向的每个小细格代表0.04s；每两条粗线之间的距离就是代表0.2s。国际上对记录心电图时的外加电压也是有规定的，即外加1mV电压时，基线就应该准确地抬高10个小格，也就是说，每个小横格表示0.1mV，而每个大格就表示0.5mV，每两个大格就代表了这1mV。
 
2、心电图上有各种波形，包括P波、QRS波群、T波和（无）u波。要看懂心电图，就要了解这些波形所代表的意义。
 
3、脏的特殊传导系统由窦房结、结间束（分为前、中、后结间束）、房间束（起自结间束，称Bachmann束）、房间交界区（房室结、希氏束）、束支（分为左、右束支，左束支又分为前分支和后分支）以及普肯耶纤维（Pukinje fiber）构成。心脏传导系统与每一心动周期顺序出现的心电变化密切相关。正常心电活动始于窦房结，兴奋心房的同时经结间束传导至房室结（激动传，然后循希氏束-左、右束支-普肯耶纤维顺序传导，最后兴奋心室。这种先后有序的电激动的传播，引起一系列电位改变，形成了心电图上相应的波段。
 

心电图的波形所代表的意义

1、P波，最先出现的一个振幅不高的圆钝波形，它记录的是窦房结激动的右、左心房的激动。因为窦房结位于右心房，心房的激动先由它开始，所以P波的前半部分记录的是右心房的激动，中间部分记录的是左、右心房的共同激动而后部则代表左心房的激动。除了aVR导联外，P波基本都是直立的，肢体导联中P波的高度多不超过0.25mV，胸前导联中直立的P波高度不应超过0.15mV。正常的P波的宽度也不应超过0.11s。
 
2、QRS波群，继P波之后出现的一个狭窄但振幅高的波群。由q波（有或无）、R波和S波组成。它代表着兴奋从房室结发出先后通过房室束、左右束支和纤细的浦肯野纤维进入心肌细胞，刺激心室的收缩，因此可以将其看作是心室收缩的开始的心电图表现。
 
3、Q波，是在出现向上的波之前出现的明确的向下的波形。如果它很小，宽度不到0.04s，深度不足0.15mV，我们将它记做q波；若它高且宽，才被称作Q波；当然有时它是缺无的。无论有无Q波，第一个出现的向上的高尖的波就是R波；紧随其后的向下的波就是S波，它也可以根据深度分别命名为S波和s波。之后出现的向上的波被称作R’（r’）波，向下的波则称作S’（s’）波。因为波的高低不同，所以可以组合成很多形态，但它也是有限制的，最主要的就是时间限制，通常情况下，正常人的QRS波群的时间0.08s，可以在0.06～0.10s范围内波动。只要超过这个时限，就应引起注意，特别是超过0.12s便有病理意义了。
 
4、T波，上个波群暂停之后出现的波，代表着心室的复极（心室的舒张），以备下一次心室的除极。观测T波我们要注意它的方向、形态和（高度）深度。（1）方向，正常情况下，在Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联中T波是直立的；Ⅲ导联中则可以出现直立、平坦、双向甚至是倒置的T波；T波在aVR导联中是肯定倒置的，而在aVL和aVF导联中则是和QRS波群的主方向一致的。胸前导联的T波通常是直立的，当然，V1和V3有时也会出现T波倒置的情况，但它们的深度通常都不会超过0.25mV，当V3导联中出现倒置的T波时，前面两个导连的T波也应该是倒置的，否则就是不正常的表现。（2）形态，通常T波的波形是圆滑而有个很自然的顶端。T波一般是不对称的，缓和的上升而略显陡峭地下降至等位线。（3）高度（深度），各个导联并不完全相同，不过综合看来，在肢体导联中很少超过0.5mV，而在胸前导联中也很少会超过1.0mV。异常高尖的T波往往出现在心肌梗死的早期或高钾血症。
 
5、u波，T波后的一个很微小的波，正常的u波并不是在每一个导联中都显而易见，它究竟代表什么尚无定论。
 

孕妇的心电图怎么看

窦性心律是正常人的心率，如果偏离这个心率标准值的话，就说明身体出现异常。但是，孕妇在怀孕后心脏的负荷要比怀孕前加重，特别在24~32周的时候，因此，孕妇的窦性心律偏离正常值也是正常的。但保险起见，还是建议孕妇发现窦性心律不规律时及时就医。并且，在怀孕期间，孕妇的T波会改变(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avf、v1v4低值成倒置) ，这说明准妈妈和胎儿都很正常。
 
胎儿的心电图怎么看
胎儿心电图是用于监测胎儿心脏功能是否正常的一种检查方法。正常胎儿心率范围是120bpm-160bpm，少于120bpm为胎儿心动过缓，大于160bpm为胎儿心动过快。胎儿QRS时限正常为0.02s~0.05s，若≥0.06s为胎儿QRS时限增宽，正常胎儿的FQRS综合波振幅为10~30V。胎儿ST段正常应该在等位线上，ST段上移或下移＞5V，就可以诊断为ST段抬高或压低。
 
怎么从心电图上看出冠心病
冠心病可以从心电图中读出，心电图是冠心病诊断中最早、最常用和最基本的诊断方法。冠状动脉供血不足时，由于冠状动脉硬化而引起的心肌缺血，其心电图特点为T波倒置，S-T段下降大于0.05毫伏有时在心前区疼痛发作时ST段抬高大于0.1毫伏，称变异性心绞痛。 急性心肌梗塞时，由于冠状动脉管腔突然阻塞而造成心肌坏死，心电图T波倒置或者ST段抬高与直立的T波形成单方向的曲线，甚至会出现病理性Q波。

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