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父母工作忙宝宝会存在“皮肤饥饿”

发布日期：2024-06-26 11:20:43编辑：秩名


不久前，一位老太太抱着一个荏弱的婴儿来儿童保健门诊就诊，孩子大概有4个月左右，可看起来如同2个多月的小婴儿，十分瘦弱，面色苍白，目光迟钝，不停地烦闹哭泣。老人焦虑地述说着小孙子的病情：孩子的妈妈分娩时高血压，浮肿得厉害（估计是妊高症），孩子不足8月早产，出生体重才2公斤，因“早产、低体重”住院半个月。妈妈身体一直不好，奶水不足，孩子以奶粉喂养为主，多数时间由奶奶来带。自出生后，病儿吃奶不好，睡眠时间短，经常哭闹不安，体重增长得很慢。为什么自己的孙子这么难带养？
 
我推想，这个孩子除了早产、体重低这一先天的不足之外，由于出生后长期住院，妈妈又病重，由年迈的老人抚养，孩子最缺乏的可能是成人的“爱抚”，婴儿正处于“皮肤饥饿”状态，造成了“心理性发育迟缓”。
 
乳婴儿在其成长的过程中，不仅需要吃、喝、睡，而且需要成人的触摸、爱抚。这种触摸、爱抚，能刺激乳婴儿体内某些化学物质的分泌，促进其生理、心理的正常发育。如果失去，不仅会影响婴儿的身心发育，严重者甚至还会危及生命。失去触摸和爱抚而引起的发育不良现象，国外的心理学家们谓之“皮肤饥饿”。福利院里的孤儿有“皮肤饥饿”，在父母整天忙于工作的家庭中，儿童也存在不同程度的“皮肤饥饿”。
 
婴儿的成长，除了要供应他物质营养外，精神上的“营养”，即给予孩子充分爱抚也是十分重要的。无论何时何地，与婴儿在一起的时候都要对他进行温和的抚触。宝宝喜欢和您亲密接触，需要大人关怀地触摸，抚摩可以使宝宝感到身心舒适愉悦。研究指出，和喂食比起来，宝宝更喜欢大人的触摸和拥抱，这是小儿体格发育和神经心理发育不可缺少的“营养品”。
 
新生儿的发育是一个复杂的生理过程，融合了心理和生理的交流。在这一过程中，婴儿身体的各种变化无不受到大脑皮层的控制与调节。抚触有益于婴儿大脑及行为的发育。触觉是最原始的感觉器官，人类皮肤有500多万个感觉细胞，是面积最大的体表感觉器官，同时为中枢神经的外感受器。抚触给予新生儿全身皮肤以刺激，这使得在接受抚触的过程中，每秒钟都有成千上万个信息通过婴儿皮肤的神经末梢进入大脑皮层。正待发育的婴儿大脑不断地处理皮肤感知的信息，并立即作出相应的反应。这对促进婴儿大脑潜能迅速、充分地苏醒，从而积极地调节控制全身的发育具有重要意义。
 
实践证明，爱抚能促进婴儿智力的发育，保证婴儿身心健康发展，目前很多国家和地区对此进行了多方面的研究。1958年科学家哈里做了一个著名的实验：他将刚出生的幼猴与母猴分离，同时给小猴子食物和用绒毛做的假母猴，发现这些幼猴更多地选择了绒毛做的母猴，说明动物对情感的需求大于对食物的需求，它们需要母体的温暖和抚触。哈里同时发现，幼猴与母猴分离后就停止了对外界环境的探索，说明动物的成长也离不开亲情的交流。
 
出生后2小时内搂抱婴儿非常重要，因为新生儿对最初拥抱自己的人怀有深深的依恋。把呼吸顺畅的新生儿抱在靠近母亲心脏的部位，让其听听其在母腹里就熟悉的心跳声，可以缓和他的不安。和慈祥的母亲肌肤接触最能满足婴儿心灵的需求，使婴儿产生满足感和平静的心情，并产生与人交流的意念。加拿大一所儿童研究中心的人员经过长时间的观察发现，母亲搂抱婴儿时间的长短，对孩子日后的智力发育有着举足轻重的作用。实验证明，花一刻钟的时间用来摇动、抚触或轻拍婴儿，每天只要3～4次，将会极大地帮助其发展协调运动能力以及将来的学习能力。
 
爱抚可促进母婴情感交流，促使乳母乳汁分泌。这是因为婴儿刚出生就和母亲保持皮肤接触，婴儿对抚触所产生的反应会刺激母亲的脑垂体分泌两种激素，一种是催乳素——可分泌乳汁，另一种是催产素——可刺激子宫复原，使母亲保持良好的体型。母亲分泌乳汁旺盛，婴儿吃奶量增加，从而促进婴儿的生长和发育。
 
当宝宝觉醒或和宝宝说悄悄话的时候，配以轻轻地抚触或按摩；天气较暖时，可帮助宝宝做被动操，增加与宝宝的接触机会；抱抱、亲亲乳婴儿，这是最好的触摸与爱抚的方式，能使孩子感到愉快和欣慰，产生安全感和信任感，有利于他们智力的发展和良好个性的形成。父母要多拥抱孩子，把婴儿抱在怀里走路比推着婴儿车更重要，这样会使孩子获得被抚摸的享受和用耳朵听话的效果，使孩子更聪明。经常得到爱抚的孩子长大后会更机灵，对增强独立自信的性格有益处。
 
爱抚是一种亲情和爱的传递方式，让宝宝充分享受到母爱。谋求母爱是1～2岁孩子的心灵中无法抑制的情感需求，当小儿要求爸爸或妈妈抱抱时，要尽量满足孩子的要求。有人也许以为，父母们如果去顺从孩子的撒娇，孩子将来可能会缺乏自立观念。事实恰恰相反，我们常常发现有些孩子2～3岁以后还吸吮手指或喜欢玩弄生殖器，追究其根源就是婴儿期未得到父母充分爱抚。总是缠着母亲不放的孩子，并不是那些在幼小的时候充分享受到母爱的孩子，若是孩子依恋的情绪从出生后就没有得到过满足，便会出现这种现象。越是拒绝，孩子则越不会停止谋求对自己的爱。如果谋求的东西经常遭到拒绝，2岁婴儿心灵里所遗留下的伤痕也许会伴随他的一生，将来会成为一个冷漠的人。
 
研究证明，成人对孩子的赞赏也是一种爱抚的形式，如点头、微笑等。一般来说，孩子的年龄越小，对皮肤触摸的需求越大，随着年龄的增长，赞赏的作用逐渐增强。为实现早期教育，家长对孩子应触摸与赞赏并举，年龄小的以触摸为主，年龄大的以赞赏为主。

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