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孕前超重的宝妈其成熟的乳中含锌偏低！

发布日期：2024-07-17 13:27:11编辑：秩名


众所周知，母乳是婴儿的最佳食品，是婴儿生长发育所需的唯一、最安全和最完整的天然食物。其除了含有丰富的营养物质外，还含有许多具有特殊功能的分子。母乳喂养不仅能满足婴儿的体格生长发育，还能促进智力发育，有利于心理成长；母乳喂养的婴儿免疫发育好、抗病能力强、成年后的“三高症”(高血压、高血脂、高血糖)发生率低；另外母乳喂养可使母亲乳腺癌的发生率降低。
 
　　但是，近年来我国母乳喂养率持续降低，全国0-6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养比率低于50%。国家计生委2014年数据显示，我国不足6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率农村为30%，城市仅为不到16%，不仅较上世纪90年代明显降低。相比之下，中国妈妈们“海淘”洋奶粉的大国，比如新西兰、丹麦等欧洲国家，母乳喂养率却在95%以上。
 

　　国内首次深入、广泛、系统地分析我国母乳中成分含量

 
　　该项目研究从1995年开始，历经20年，对中国人母乳组成成分、动态变化、影响因素以及功能分子等开展一系列研究，终于揭开了中国人母乳成分“指纹”的神秘面纱，构建了目前国内最为完善的母乳研究理论体系，并初步建立了中国人母乳成分数据库，打破了国内长期依赖国外母乳研究数据的格局。
 
　　项目组在国内首次深入、广泛、系统地分析我国母乳中成分含量，成功定量出133种营养素和功能成分，建立了属于中国人的母乳成分数据库(即母乳成分“指纹”)。特别在对母乳中的防御素、烷氧基甘油、乳铁蛋白等成分的研究均为国际或国内首创。该研究还对初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳的母乳成分进行了定量分析，探讨了母乳成分的动态变化；同时就免疫调节、抗菌活性、肠道菌群、脂质代谢、肠道发育、体格发育、智力发育、泌乳、防治过敏、SLC30A2基因等方面对母乳成分功能进行了研究。研究将为制定我国婴幼儿喂养指南，修订婴幼儿营养素适宜摄入量提供科学的理论依据。不仅如此，中国人母乳成分数据库的建立和成分功能研究，将为研制功能性配方食物、制定婴幼儿配方食品分段标准、指导辅食添加、婴幼儿营养干预等提供科学的依据。
 

　　孕前超重的母亲，其成熟乳中锌含量降低

 
　　该项目系列研究中对中国上海地区母乳中三大营养素(蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的含量进行了分析。与国外相比，上海地区母乳中脂肪酸含量偏低，提示产妇应该适当增加脂肪的摄入量。此外，中国人母乳中亚油酸和α亚麻酸含量较高，而软脂酸和硬脂酸含量较低，这可能与我国母亲膳食中素食所占比例较国外大有关。关于脂肪酸的研究结果表明，母鼠孕期和哺乳斯补充DHA和LNA能够明显提高其血和乳汁中的DHA含量，且显著提高仔鼠脑和血中DHA的含量，并促进仔鼠的智力发育。另外，已知母乳喂养是预防过敏的最佳措施，除了因为母乳中的蛋白质是同种蛋白，不易引起免疫反应外；更重要的是，母乳中含有外源性蛋白质片段(即肽段)，推测这些外源性蛋白质片段可能诱导了机体免疫耐受，从而达到预防或缓解过敏作用。
 
　　该项目还探讨了母乳中相关成分含量变化的影响因素。陈同辛指出，乳成分在整个泌乳期处于持续的变动中，最大的变动在分娩前后的几个小时内。婴儿的生产方式影响泌乳时间，剖宫产的母亲由于产后婴儿不能及时吮吸乳头，其泌乳时间可能被延迟，由此可能导致初乳成分发生相应变化。孕前或产前肥胖的孕妇其母乳中的相关成分含量也不同。MBI是国际上常用称量人体胖瘦程度和是否健康的一个标准。研究发现，孕前BMI越高，初乳中hBD-1浓度越低。另一方面，孕前超重(BMI大于24)的母亲，其成熟乳中锌含量降低。
 

　　母乳4摄氏度保存不宜超过48小时

 
　　研究还发现，不同保存条件对母乳中相关成分含量影响也不同。研究显示，母乳4摄氏度保存不宜超过48小时，如需长时间保存需要选择-20度或-70度。另外，新鲜采集的母乳中含有细菌，但是均为条件致病菌，且菌落数在安全范围内。
 
　　该项研究成果在国内为提倡母乳喂养起到了积极重要的促进作用。8月1日至7日是世界母乳喂养周，医生呼吁，妈妈应充分认识到母乳的营养价值，在条件允许的情况下尽量坚持哺喂母乳。而社会各界也应为哺乳妈妈提供一定的条件，如为“背奶族”妈妈提供时间和场地以及保存母乳的设备，公共场合设置母婴室等，让母乳喂养更有条件得到推广，也为哺乳妈妈提供更多支持。
 

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