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抓住发育敏感期 宝宝才更聪明

发布日期：2024-11-04 16:00:39编辑：秩名


　前几天，乐妈在后台看到有位宝妈问道：
 
　　乐妈，不知道为什么我家宝宝最近爱上了捡垃圾……很喜欢捡小区地上的落叶和小花草。有时候连烟头、纸屑都要捡起来看半天，我觉得太脏了，但是又怎么拦都拦不住，该怎么办才好?
 
　　哈哈~妈妈们是不是也遇见过这样的问题呢?别急，孩子这是进入关注细小事物的敏感期了，这可是成长发育的一大表现呢。
 
 
　　一、理解孩子的行为，妈妈别生气
 
　　当孩子捏着小线头、头发丝在手里玩耍，甚至往嘴里塞的时候;
 
　　当孩子遍地捡拾烟头、沾满泥巴的小树枝、小石子，并把它们当宝贝收藏的时候;
 
　　当孩子对那些小孔小洞非常敏感，经常不厌其烦地去抠它们的时候，那就说明他已经处在对细微事物的敏感期了。
 
　　面对孩子的这些癖好，估计很多家长多少都有些受不了，可能第一反应就是要阻止他，毕竟，那些东西可能看起来很脏，或者有可能给孩子带来危险。
 
　　不过，如果利用好了，这个阶段也正是培养孩子敏锐观察力、比较能力的大好时期。
 
　　一般来讲，在1岁半到2岁左右，孩子开始进入关注细小事物的敏感期，这一敏感期一直会持续到4岁。
 
　　当然，不同的个体之间可能会存在比较大的差异。一旦发现孩子有了上述行为，我们就可以着手给他一些必要的支持，协助他更好地发展。
 
　　孩子的耳朵、眼睛、嘴、鼻子、手上都蕴藏着巨大的探索的能量，他们在进入对细微事物敏感期的时候，是培养他的观察力的最佳时期。一旦观察成为了一种习惯，我们就会发现，孩子的许多能力都会日新月异。
 
　　二、宝宝经历的那些敏感期
 
　　•语言敏感期(0-6岁)
 
　　婴儿开始注视大人说话的嘴形，并发出牙牙学语声时，就开始了他的语言敏感期。
 
　　学习语言对成人来说是件困难的工作，但幼儿能容易的学会母语，这是因为幼儿具有自然赋予的语言敏感力。
 
　　因此，若孩子在两岁左右还迟迟不开口说话时，应带孩子到医院检查是否有先天障碍。
 
　　语言能力影响孩子的表达能力，因此，父母应经常和孩子说话、讲故事，或多用“反问”的方式，加强孩子的表达能力，为日后的人际关系奠定良好基础。
 
 
 
　　•秩序敏感期(2-4岁)
 
　　孩子需要一个有秩序的环境来帮助他认识事物、熟悉环境。一旦他所熟悉的环境消失，就会令他无所适从。
 
　　蒙台梭利在观察中，发现孩子会因无法适应环境而害怕、哭泣，甚至大发脾气。因而确定“对秩序的要求”是幼儿极为明显的敏感力。
 
　　幼儿的秩序敏感力常表现在对顺序性、生活习惯、所有物的要求上，蒙台梭利认为如果成人没能提供一个有序的环境，孩子便“没有一个基础以建立起对各种关系的知觉”。
 
　　当孩子从环境里逐步建立起内在秩序时，智能也因而逐步建构。
 
 
 
　　•感官敏感期(0-6岁)
 
　　孩子从出生起，就会借着听觉、视觉、味觉、触觉等感官来熟悉环境，了解事物。
 
　　三岁前，孩子透过潜意识的“吸收性心智”吸收周围事物;三到六岁则更能具体的透过感官分析、判断环境里的事物。
 
　　因此，蒙台梭利设计了许多感官教具，比如：听觉筒、触觉板等，以敏锐孩子的感官，引导孩子自己产生智慧。
 
　　宝妈们也可以在家里准备多样的感官教材，或在生活中随机引导孩子运用五官，感受周围事物。尤其当孩子充满探索欲望时，只要是不具有危险性或不侵犯他物时，应尽可能满足孩子的需求。
 
 
 
　　•对细微事物感兴趣的敏感期(1.5-4岁)
 
　　忙碌的大人常会忽略周围环境中的微小事物，但是孩子却常能捕捉到个中的奥秘。
 
　　因此，如果孩子对泥土里的小昆虫或对衣服上的细小图案产生兴趣，正是家长培养孩子具有巨细无遗、宗理密微的习性的好时机。
 
　　•动作敏感期(0-6岁)
 
　　两岁的孩子已经会走路，最是活泼好动的时期，父母应充分让孩子运动，使其肢体动作正确、熟练，并帮助左、右脑均衡开发。
 
　　除了大肌肉的训练外，蒙台梭利则更强调小肌肉的练习，亦即手眼协调的细微动作教育，不仅能养成良好的生活习惯，也能帮助智力的发展。
 
　　•社会规范敏感期(2.5-6岁)
 
　　两岁半的孩子逐渐脱离以自我人中心，而对交接朋友、群体活动与明显倾向。
 
　　这时父母应与孩子建立明确的生活规范、日常礼仪，使其日后能遵守社会规范，拥有自律的生活。
 
　　•书写敏感期(3.5-5.5岁)
 
　　•阅读敏感期(4.5-5.5岁)
 
　　孩子的书写能力与阅读能力虽然较迟，但如果孩子在语言、感官、肢体动作等敏感期内，得到了充分的学习，其书写、阅读能力就会自然产生。
 
　　此时，父母可多选择读物，布置一个书香的居家环境，使孩子养成爱读书的好习惯。
 
 
 
　　•文化敏感期(6-9岁)
 
　　蒙台梭利指出幼儿对文化学习的兴趣，萌芽于三岁;而到了六至九岁则出现想探究事物的强烈需求。
 
　　因此，这时期“孩子的心智就象一块肥沃的土地，准备接受大量的文化播种。”
 
　　家长在此时多给孩子提供丰富的文化资讯，以本土文化为基础，延展至关怀世界的大胸怀。
 
　　乐妈说：
 
　　孩子是具有能力的天生学习者，他们会循着自然的成长法则，不断使自己成长为"更有能力"的个体。
 
　　家长们应该细心观察孩子是否处于敏感期，鼓励孩子自由探索、勇敢尝试，布置丰富的学习环境，让孩子各方面能力得到最大的发展。

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