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宝宝发烧的养护误区

发布日期：2024-12-17 11:09:43编辑：星辰

发烧，恐怕是孩子冬春季节最常见的一个症状了。如何科学地予以养护，对于疾病的康复非常关键。遗憾的是不少一知半解的父母步入了误区，从而给孩子带来了本可以避免的损害。归纳起来，大致有以下几种——

　　误区1：大量供给蛋白质

　　常见误区：

宝宝发烧了，父母首先想到的是孩子体质虚弱，需要补充营养，于是诸如鸡蛋、瘦肉、鱼类等高蛋白食物便堆向宝宝的餐桌，而这样做是不对的。

大量的蛋白质进入孩子的体内，会使食物的特殊动力作用增加，刺激人体产生过多的热量，进而提升孩子本来就已升高的体温，加重发烧。

研究表明，在蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等三大产能营养素中，蛋白质的特殊动力作用最大，可增加产热量15%-30%，远远高于脂肪（增加3%-4%）与碳水化合物（5%-6%），对宝宝的消极影响也最严重。

　　正确做法：

应该适当限制蛋白质的供给量，至少不能增加蛋、肉等的进食量。宝宝的食谱力求清淡易消化，多给一点富含维生素与矿物元素的食品，如粥类、蔬菜、水果等，以提高孩子的抗病能力，促进早日康复。

误区2：忽视并发症

　　常见误区：

孩子的体温一旦超过了体温表上的警戒线，每一位爸爸妈妈都会心急如焚，恨不得一下子把体温降下来。因此，他们的心思几乎全放在退烧上，忽略了对眼、耳、心等器官可能发生的并发症的监护。结果导致一些孩子患上眼病、中耳炎、心肌炎，甚至失明等恶果发生。

　　常见并发症：

　　眼病

一些孩子发烧时，眼睛紧闭，眼屎增多，逐渐出现白眼仁（医学上称为巩膜）干燥，随后黑眼仁（医学上成为角膜）混浊、穿孔甚至失明。
　　症结在于发高烧导致体内的消耗增大，特别是维生素A供给不足，加上细菌感染，白眼仁就会因营养障碍而变得干燥，继续发展下去，整个眼球（包括黑眼仁）发白而混浊，最后角膜软化、穿孔，而成为瞎子。

　　中耳炎

由于人的咽部与中耳之间有一条通道，医学上称为耳咽管。成人的耳咽管较细、较长，且越靠近耳朵位置越高，总体上呈倾斜形。孩子则不然，这条通道相对较粗、较短，且呈水平位，即靠近耳朵的一端与靠近咽部的一端差不多高度相当。因此咽部一旦有感染灶存在，细菌就会很顺利地通过耳咽管抵达中耳，并在那里生长繁殖兴风作浪，中耳炎遂告形成。

　　心肌炎

发烧对心脏的威胁更不可小视，虽然这种几率较小，原因在于引起发烧的病毒大多数与心肌有特殊的“亲和力”，可以诱发心肌炎而闯下大获，若不及时救治可以危及生命。

　　正确做法

发烧的病儿要做好“三护”：护眼、护耳、护心。

护眼——父母用干净的毛巾擦干净眼屎，滴入一两滴眼药水，保护角膜不受细菌感染；多安排一些富含维生素A的食物，增加眼睛的营养供给，如牛奶、猪肝、胡萝卜、柑橘等。

耳朵和心脏——父母应随时关注这两个部位有无异常征象出现，如孩子诉说耳心痛、耳道流出分泌液、脸色发灰或发青、稍一活动就气喘吁吁、脉搏时快时慢等，一旦出现，立即上医院诊治，不可延误。

　　误区3：过度使用退烧药

根据烧度，对症下药

发烧并不完全是坏事，乃是人体的一种防御反应，能最广泛地调动体内免疫系统的力。如增强吞噬细胞的活性，促进抗体生成，消灭入侵的病原体，有利于病情康复。

一般来说，低于39摄氏度的发烧，不会引起体内环境的紊乱而造成损伤，多可通过休息、饮水等措施缓解，不必使用退烧药物。

当然，如果体温过高，特别是婴幼儿常可因之而发生抽风等严重症状，这时就需要起用一些较为“厉害”的降温措施，如物理降温（温热水擦浴、冷盐水灌肠等）、药物降温（安乃今滴鼻、扑热息痛口服或打退烧针）。

因此，对于发烧这一症状应当辨证地来看，科学地处理，不可不论热度高低，不问病史，一律复退烧药，打退烧针。

尤其要注意的是，不少成年人使用的退烧药物，如阿司匹林、感冒通、速效伤风感冒胶囊等可诱发孩子消化道出血、白细胞与血小板减少，甚至出现血尿，严重危害宝宝健康，不可不防。

　　误区4：滥挂盐水针和滥用抗生素

　　滥挂盐水针

相当数量的父母迷信盐水针，认为比口服药降温效果好。实际上，发烧病儿体内氧与营养的消耗大，应该重视卧床休息、补充水分，吃些易于消化的清淡食物，配合必要的口服药物，一般不必输液（俗称盐水针）。

输液并不能迅速退烧，也不会缩短病程；其次，在病种复杂的医院观察室输液有发生交叉感染的可能，以至染上新病；再次，可能出现输液反应，甚至加重病情。

滥用抗生素

父母往往一见孩子发烧就要求医生用抗生素，而且还要高档的，如头孢类--如果发烧是由细菌引起的，倒也碰巧了。可发烧的病因极其复杂，而且最为常见的还是病毒，用抗生素就属于“无的放矢”了；至于结缔组织病、血液病、肿瘤等引起的发烧，除非合并感染，也不必使用抗生素；至于少数属于生理性的发烧如生长热等，用抗生素更属于谬误之举。

滥用抗生素既可增加细菌的耐药性，待到以后该用时疗效减退，又可因其本身的毒副作用而给孩子招来危险，如过敏反应、二重感染、肝肾损害等，可谓有百弊而无一利，当慎之又慎。

　　误区5：烧退了就万事大吉

孩子的发烧会把妈妈的心悬得很高，孩子的体温一降下，妈妈的心也就随之踏实了。她们不知道退烧以后并不意味着彻底治愈，还需要调理。

孩子退烧以后常常会感到疲乏，食欲不振，大便干燥，容易出汗。这些症状的产生，主要是因为发烧对机体造成的损害没有修复。

一般来说，发烧对人体的不良影响有两大方面：一是对物质代谢的影响，二是对器官活动的影响。发烧可以使脂肪的消耗增加，蛋白质的分解代谢增加，消化液分泌减少，消化道的运动与吸收功能降低。此外，水分消耗也很大。这些病理改变都需要一个逐渐恢复的过程。

因此，小儿退烧以后，家长不能马上“收兵”，而应请中医药大夫进行病后调理治疗。中医中药可以进一步清除体内的余热，并可使机体各器官的功能得以恢复，从而消除烧退后出现的食少、便秘等一系列症状。

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